Viet Nam is recognized as one of the world’s important biodiversity centres, with diverse ecosystems, species and genetic resources that underpin livelihoods, economic development and human well-being. However, the country’s biodiversity continues to decline due to habitat loss, overexploitation of natural resources, pollution, invasive species and climate change. In response, the Government of Viet Nam approved the National Biodiversity Strategy to 2030, with a vision to 2050, establishing national priorities for conserving and restoring ecosystems, protecting threatened species and integrating biodiversity into sustainable development.

Effective implementation of the Strategy will require substantial and sustained financial resources. Developed under the Biodiversity Finance Initiative, this publication assesses Viet Nam’s capacity to mobilize finance for implementing the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan. It builds on reviews of relevant policies, legal documents and previous BIOFIN assessments, complemented by stakeholder consultations and field research. The report examines existing and potential financing sources, evaluates the feasibility of proposed biodiversity-finance solutions and identifies priority actions for addressing the country’s biodiversity-finance gap.

The analysis draws from the estimates that implementing selected key biodiversity targets during 2024–2030 will require at least VND 114,718 billion, with an annual financing shortfall equivalent to approximately 17–33 per cent of total needs. To help close this gap, the publication explores opportunities to improve the allocation and effectiveness of public expenditure, mobilize private-sector and community investment, diversify revenues for protected areas, strengthen ecosystem-service payment mechanisms and prepare emerging instruments such as biodiversity offsets and biodiversity credits.

The report provides practical recommendations for government agencies, protected-area authorities, financial institutions, businesses, development partners and local communities. It emphasizes the importance of strengthening the enabling legal and institutional framework, improving biodiversity information systems, integrating biodiversity into public and private investment decisions, expanding green finance and promoting locally grounded models that connect conservation with sustainable livelihoods. In doing so, the publication offers a strategic foundation for mobilizing and directing finance towards Viet Nam’s biodiversity priorities through 2030 and beyond.

The Viet Nam Biodiversity Expenditure Review provides the country’s first systematic assessment of how financial resources are directed towards biodiversity conservation. Drawing on data from central ministries, provincial departments, protected areas, development partners, social organizations and private actors, it maps expenditure patterns, funding sources and their alignment with national biodiversity priorities. The review finds that public finance remains the principal source of biodiversity funding, while expenditure tracking is fragmented and often inconsistent across institutions. It therefore calls for stronger budget classification and monitoring systems, more effective use of existing resources, and greater mobilization of social and private finance to support Viet Nam’s biodiversity targets.

Due to its wealth of biodiversity, Viet Nam has been acknowledged as one of the most prioritized countries for global conservation, which has been reflected in its three main values: maintaining ecological functions (environmental protection), delivering economic supplies (direct use), and providing for socio-cultural engagement (Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, 2008).

A number of Protected Areas (PAs) in Viet Nam today are globally and regionally recognized, including 8 Ramsar sites, 9 World Biosphere Reserves, 2 World Natural Heritage Sites, 1 World Cultural and Natural Heritage Site, and 5 ASEAN Heritage Parks. Furthermore, there are currently 63 Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs) in Viet Nam.

In Viet Nam, biodiversity brings direct and indirect benefits to humans, contributing substantially to the national economy, especially for sectors such as agriculture, forestry, and fisheries; ensuring food security; maintaining genetic resources for farming animals and crops; and providing construction materials, pharmaceutical materials, and food. In addition, ecosystems play an important role in climate regulation and environmental protection. Biodiversity has also been a cultural and artistic inspiration to humanity for millennia (MoNRE, 2013).

According to the Policy and Institutional Review (PIR) (UNDP, 2018), economically, biodiversity contributes directly or indirectly to many sectors, households, and firms. In the agricultural sector,3 about 20 million people rely on fisheries, exploiting more than 300 marine species and more than 50 species of economically valuable freshwater fish, while 25 million people living in or near the forests earn 20-50% of their income from harvesting non-timber forest products (NTFPs), including medicinal plants and rubber. As such, there is a great reliance on products and services provided by biodiversity and ecosystems.

As also stated in the PIR Report, the beautiful biodiversity and terrestrial and coastal landscapes and islands are the foundation for Viet Nam's rapidly expanding tourism industry. Ecotourism is becoming more popular in Nature Reserves (NRs), encouraging education on natural protection and benefiting local people who provide tourism services. About 70% of Viet Nam's rapid tourism growth is occurring in coastal areas and areas with natural ecosystems characterized by high biodiversity. From 2010 to 2016, domestic tourists increased from 28 million to 62 million, and foreign tourists increased from 5 to 10 million. Tourists spend between VND 96,000 billion and VND 400,000 billion. It is estimated that high biodiversity value areas, including National Parks (NPs), PAs, and Landscape PAs, attract 40%-60% of tourists and have earned 20% of their spending.

The Viet Nam Biodiversity Expenditure Review (BER) was undertaken as part of the Global Biodiversity Finance Initiative (BIOFIN) project, managed by UNDP in partnership with the European Commission (EU) and the governments of Germany, Switzerland, Norway and Flanders. The overall goal of the project is to explore national and subnational level biodiversity expenditures by different government organizations, agencies, ministries, NGOs and private sector actors, providing inputs for the better implementation of actions to reach national biodiversity targets both technically and financially.

The Viet Nam BER follows guidance provided by the BIOFIN global team, embedding a number of adjustments to ensure alignment with the specific contextual conditions of the country. The BER was completed with inputs from various sources at both the national and provincial level, such as: the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD), the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE), the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Provincial Departments of Agriculture and Rural Development (DARDs), Provincial Departments of Natural Resources and Environment (DONREs), National Parks (NPs), Nature Reserves (NRs), etc. All collected data and information was analyzed following the guidance provided in the BIOFIN Workbook (2016). Two consultation workshops were also organized, to collect comments and feedback from relevant stakeholders and interested parties, which were used to frame this final report and its recommendations.

The Viet Nam FNA follows guidance provided by the BIOFIN global team, with a number of adjustments to ensure alignment with the specific contextual conditions of the country. The FNA was completed with inputs from various sources at both the national and provincial level, including the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD), the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE), the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), relevant subordinate ministerial Administrations, Agencies and Departments, Provincial Departments of Agriculture and Rural Development (DARDs), Provincial Departments of Natural Resources and Environment (DONREs), National Parks (NPs), Nature Reserves (NRs), etc. All collected data and information were analyzed following the guidance provided in the BIOFIN Workbook (UNDP, 2016). Two consultation workshops were organized, to collect comments and feedback from relevant stakeholders and interested parties, which were used to frame this final report and its recommendations.

The FNA is the BIOFIN report estimating the anticipated financial needs to achieve the specific targets as formulated in the Viet Nam National Biodiversity Strategy (VN NBS) to 2020, vision to 2030. The FNA adopted Decision 45/QD-TTg, dated 08 January 2014 on Approval for Master Plan of Nation-Wide Biodiversity Conservation by 2020, with a vision to 2030 as quantitative guidance for the anticipated expanding Viet Nam’s Terrestrial Protected Area (TPA) and Wetland PA (WPA) systems, and Decision 742/QD-TTg, dated 26 May 2010, approving the Plan on the system of Viet Nam’s marine conservation zones through 2020 as quantitative guidance for Viet Nam’s expanding Marine PA (MPA) network. Specific targets related to forest cover, mangroves, sea grass beds and coral reefs as well as degraded critical ecosystems are also assumed to be achieved through managing an expanding PA system. In addition, the FNA assumed that the poorly to not-quantifiable specific targets of the VN NBS, on endangered, rare and precious species, avoidance of species extinction and genetic resources, can be represented by the proxy target of “administration expenditures for biodiversity conservation management at provincial level and central level”.

The FNA estimated the finance needs for optimal management1 of biodiversity conservation in Viet Nam’s existing and planned PAs, using a bottom-up Activity Based Costing (ABC) approach to obtain a unit-cost-per-hectare for different PA types based on quantitative information provided by sample PAs for 8 cost categories (e.g. salaries, annual operational and maintenance costs, costs for biodiversity conservation activities), as well as one-time investment costs for infrastructure and facilities in new PAs. The administrative expenditures for biodiversity conservation management at the provincial and central levels were costed using an Incremental Budgeting Approach (IBA), based on actual expenditures for 2015 obtained from the BIOFIN Viet Nam Biodiversity Expenditure Review (BER). Both estimates were summed to obtain the total finance needs to achieve the targets of the VN NBS, and compared with the actual biodiversity expenditures as forecasted in the BER report, to obtain the quantified financial gap for achieving the Viet Nam NBS.

The FNA assessed the finance needs for the optimal management of biodiversity in Viet Nam to 2030 against 2 scenarios: (i) Finance needs for optimal biodiversity management in Viet Nam to 2030 based on the PA network established prior to 2018; and (ii) Finance needs for optimal biodiversity management in Viet Nam to 2030 based on an annually expanding PA network. Scenario 1 is “lower-optimum” scenario, estimating financing needs for optimal biodiversity management only for PAs existing in 2018, equal to 7.5% of the country’s surface area. Scenario 2 is the “optimum” scenario, estimating finance needs for optimal biodiversity management including for a PA network expanded in line with adopted government policies, to achieve a PA coverage in 2030 equal to 9.6% of the country as stipulated in the VN NBS.

This brief presents Viet Nam’s Biodiversity Financial Needs Assessment, developed under BIOFIN to estimate the resources required to implement national biodiversity targets. Focusing on the management and planned expansion of terrestrial, marine and wetland protected areas, it assesses financial needs under different development scenarios and compares them with projected funding levels. The findings show that substantial financing gaps are likely to persist in the short, medium and long term unless additional resources are mobilized. The brief therefore calls for stronger public financing, improved planning and costing, and greater use of social, private-sector and alternative finance mechanisms to support effective biodiversity conservation.

This policy brief summarizes Viet Nam’s Biodiversity Finance Policy and Institutional Review, which examines the country’s fiscal, economic, legal, policy and institutional framework for biodiversity conservation. It identifies the strengths, gaps and barriers affecting the development and expansion of biodiversity finance solutions, while reviewing the roles of government agencies, protected areas, businesses and communities. The brief highlights fragmented financing, weak coordination and limited visibility of biodiversity spending within public budgets. It recommends stronger institutional arrangements, a dedicated biodiversity budget code, improved integration of biodiversity across sectoral policies, greater private-sector and community participation, and wider use of innovative financing mechanisms.

The Biodiversity Finance Policy and Institutional Review (PIR) in Viet Nam (VN) has been conducted by independent consultant from May 2017 to February 2018. The PIR report focuses on analyzing the status and progress of the National Biodiversity Strategy (NBS) of Viet Nam, presented in 6 chapters including introduction and recommendations as well as references and annexes.

In recent decades, the status of biodiversity (BD) in Viet Nam is worsening against a high annual economic growth (6-8% on average), which has strong impact on dependency sectors like agriculture, fishery and forestry in which most people with low incomes earn their living. Recent studies on BD valuation show that investment in BD conservation is significantly less than its contribution to economic development in provinces and the country, in general. A supplementary study on the Biodiversity Expenditure Review provides more information in this regard.

To improve biodiversity conservation, in recent years the legal framework has been strengthened, including the National Constitution (2013), the Law on Biodiversity (2008), the Law on Environment Protection (2005), the Law on Forestry (2004, revised in 2017), the Law on Fishery (2003, revised in 2017), all supported by a variety of government policies and regulations providing guidance to the implementation of legislation on BD conservation. The VN NBS is the most important policy to accelerate BD conservation in VN.

This Inception Report presents the results of Inception Phase of the Biodiversity Finance Initiative (BIOFIN) project in Viet Nam. The report summarizes (i) the need for biodiversity financing under the global framework of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the general approach of the global BIOFIN initiative (chapter 1); (ii) the rationale for the BIOFIN project in Viet Nam, summary of its planned activities, implementation arrangements and detailed work plan (chapter 2); (iii) the Inception Workshop, specifically presentations on BIOFIN globally, regional experiences and Viet Nam initiative as well as the technical studies committed - Policy and Institutional Review (PIR), Biodiversity Expenditure Review (BER), and Financial Needs Assessment (FNA) – and initial findings, comments and recommendations on project implementation received (chapter 3).