Measures promoting quality spending of committed funds and removing related obstacles to effective spending. Effective budget execution (also termed delivery) is a percentage of annual public budget allocations that are actually spent by government agencies and can vary from as low as 40 percent to as high as 90 percent. Related obstacles are often due to delays in financial flows or capacity constraints. Incentives (e.g. staff incentives) and support (i.e. additional capacity) can be provided to increase the delivery. While not specific to biodiversity, these measures can and should be considered by conservation organizations.

State owned investment funds capitalized from balance of payments surpluses, foreign currency operations, royalties on extractive industries and other transfers and economic rent. Available resources are generally invested in capital and equity markets often through intermediaries to achieve returns. These returns are either re-invested or distributed to the Government or other recipient entities. Their investment policies can be oriented towards sustainable standards and practices-for example by investing a percentage of the capital in green bonds or impact investing. Similarly, the distribution of annual transfers may be earmarked to the environmental-particularly if the sovereign fund is capitalized from natural resource royalties.

Investments made into companies, organizations, and funds with the intention to generate measurable social and environmental impact alongside a financial return. Impact investors invest in innovative but commercially viable business in sectors like sustainable agriculture, affordable housing, affordable and accessible healthcare, clean technology, and financial services for the poor. Along with health and inclusive finance, the protection of the environment is a core area of impact investment.

Better management of human resources can improve an organization's effectiveness and efficiency and is critical to achieving cost-effectiveness. A vast literature is available on strategies to improve the management of human and social capital, including through, for example, monetary and non-monetary performance incentives and training. One example is reviewing and enhancing the human resources strategy for a protected area system. While not specific to biodiversity, these measures can and should be considered by conservation organizations. The resources saved can be reinvested in conservation.

A social and development impact bond where resources are linked outcomes featuring the protection or conservation of wildlife.

Cost-benefit is an approach to decision making that includes documenting and evaluating quantified (if possible) economic costs and benefits of a specific policy, program, law or regulation. This analysis supports the identification of the most economically efficient approach to policy and programmes and can help identify and manage social and environmental risks. The use of cost-benefit analysis can be mandated prior to the determination of any major policy or programme. Guidance on when and how to use cost-benefit analysis can be introduced through internal organization regulations or by law.

The institutionalization of cost-effectiveness analysis in regulatory practices -for example guiding procurement or investment- can better guide management in pursuing cost-effective decisions.

Numerous cost-effectiveness measures can save money and improve outcomes for government, civil society organizations, and private businesses. Solutions that institutionalize cost effectiveness analysis can be done through regulatory practices, organizational or national policy approaches, and changes in organizational culture or planning practices.

A government, company or other entity establishes and enforces procurement rules that favor or require socially and environmentally responsible products such as efficient lighting, certified paper products, certified palm oil, etc. Large companies and governments can have a significant impact on the market through green procurement.

Community finance-often considered part of microfinance-is of particular relevance for the communities living in or in the proximity of protected areas, including indigenous communities. Financial providers have a stated mission to deliver financial solutions for people in a defined community. Lending practices include community revolving funds and credit unions. The community itself is often the main shareholder of those institutions and can be the sole source of capital such as in village savings and loans.