Tax placed on a specific financial transaction, such as the purchase or sale of equity instruments, options and forward contracts, or foreign currency transactions. The revenues obtained maybe earmarked or guaranteed for biodiversity or related spending. For example, a share of the French financial transaction tax will be allocated to the capitalization of the Green Capital Fund. 

Beneficiaries/users of an ecosystem service make a indirect payment to the provider of that service through an intermediary such as the state where the public authority disburses the compensation to the service provider for conservation for maintenance.  To fund the compensations, countries either rely on the general budget or introduce PES-like taxation systems with special-purpose taxes and fees, targeting the tourism, water, electricity, transport and extractives sectors (i.e. the beneficiaries of the ecosystem services). Mexico has a national level scheme that also encourages the establishment of private to private PES systems.

Government subsidies that support actors in the organic agriculture industry to encourage expansion of organic production or other sustainable agricultural system. Subsidies can take many forms including tax relief, technical support, price support and can support individuals, companies and organizations. 

Beneficiaries/users of an ecosystem service make a direct payment to the provider of that service. The system can be voluntary using a private contract. Payments are mostly found in the water, forest, agriculture and energy sectors. For example, Nestle (formerly Vittel) pays farmers to refrain from using chemicals in north-eastern France and the City of New York pays farmers and other land owners to protect watersheds in the Catskill mountains, thus saving billions of dollars by aoviding the construction of major water treatment systems.

Beneficiaries/users of an ecosystem service, such as water regulation, make a direct or indirect payment to the provider of that service in exchange for service provision and maintenance. This "user pays" concept is that whoever preserves or maintains an ecosystem service should be paid for doing so. Beneficiaries/users of an ecosystem service can make a direct payment to the provider of that service through a private contract or an indirect payment through the intermediation of the State who charges the users through a tax or fee. Payments for ecosystem services are mostly found in the water, forest, agriculture and energy sectors. Also known as "Payment for Environmental Services".

Government subsidies that favor biodiversity by supporting individuals and organizations acting in biodiversity friendly ways. Subsidies can take many forms including tax relief, technical support, price support, etc. This can include biodiversity friendly businesses such as ecotourism, sustainable agriculture, non-timber forest products, reduced impact forestry, fisheries, etc. 

The public and private sector outsources part of their operations to more efficient or knowledgeable business partners. The process usually requires the set up of a competitive bidding process and of a quality control process to oversee external partners' performance. It is widely used in both the private and public sector to benefit from economies of scope and scale. While not specific to biodiversity, these measures can and should be considered by government and conservation organizations.

Every business impacts and depends on natural capital to some degree and will better manage risks and opportunities associated with natural capital if they seek to integrate natural capital accounting into decision making. All impacts and dependencies create costs and benefits for the business and society. Understanding these connections can better inform corporate decision makers, investors, and clients. The natural capital protocol provides detailed guidance to enterprises.

Voluntary, usually third party-assessed, norms and standards relating to environmental, social, ethical issues, adopted by companies to demonstrate the performance of their organizations or products in areas related to product specifications and or business processes.  This could include indications of carbon neutrality, use of solar power, or responsible sourcing practices.

National-public-natural capital accounts measure the stocks of natural capital and flows of services supplied by them. Methodologies and international standards exist for calculating forests, land and water accounts, while more experimental exercise are being piloted for biodiversity and ecosystems. The incorporation of natural capital into national accounts can support better financial and economic decisions as well as influence spending allocations in the long term.