A range of market mechanisms based on the "cap and trade" system that are designed to reduce the cost of water quality improvement and management. These markets provide for economically flexible measures to reduce water pollution generated by point (i.e., industrial) and non-point (i.e., agricultural) sources. Impacts of reduced water quality on biodiversity typically include excess nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous, water temperature (for sensitive fish habitat), and sediment loads.  

Development or "Tap" fees are fees charged often by the water utility for new housing or industrial developments to cover the cost of infrastructure to serve the new development and can include requirements for water supply permits (in markets with water supply controls) or in lieu payments to cover the costs of aquiring additional supply permits.  These one-time fees are often integrated into the building permitting process. The fee structure can be designed to influence water demand.

A user fee charged for the diversion or use of water from lakes, rivers, and underground sources and applied to decrease waste and increase regulation and measurement.  Where water abstraction is regulated, there is greater opportunity for water supply markets. 

Also called "water rates," fees collected through water utilities and other suppliers of water to consumer including households and businesses. The tarrifs are a cost recovery mechanism and are targeted to pay for the costs of water treatment, storage, transport, recovery and treatment of wastewater, and administrative costs. Water tarrifs can also be applied to cover the costs of watershed and wetland maintenance and protection, adding significant additional financing for biodiversity. 

General (local and national) taxes and special levies charged in exchange for a service, for example water and wastewater bills, property assessments or fees/charges applied to improve the quality of the water, and developer fees which may fund water infrastructure and watershed rehabilitation.

Licenses and other fees associated with the collection, transport and sale of Non-Timber Forest Products including mushrooms, latex (sap), honey, flowers, tubers, etc.

Forestry transportation fees can be used in addition to stumpage or other fees as either a cost recovery tool to pay for roads and other transport infrastructure, or as a means to improve regulation and control of the industry.  It should be noted that any fee that raises cost of production or transport may influence the market price and trading volumes. For example, export levies capture forestry revenue and have been used to encourage increased domestic value-added wood industries by charging much higher levies on raw wood as compared to furniture. 

Other types of royalties can be paid for forests and forestry products including collection fees for Non Timber Forest Products (NTFP, see below) such as mushrooms, fruit, honey, etc. recreational exploitation (hotels, restaurants, etc.), access (pipelines, telephone towers, electricity, etc.), and real estate (e.g. home ownership). 

Fees paid for access to exploit forestry areas usually under public ownership and government control.  Often there is a requirement for the concessionaire (holder of the concession) to produce a management plan that is approved by the land owner. Concession fees and systems allow for private long term planning if the concessions are of adequate length to make a rotational forestry practice feasible.  Concession fees are based on an economic assessment of the value of the timber or other forest resources (which can include non-use values such as recreation). 

A fee paid for the right to harvest timber from a given area. Typically paid to a private land owner or the government (if the land is public land).  Stumpage fees are determined by a combination of fixed or market prices and the volume harvested (e.g. cubic metres, board feet, tons).