Taxes, fees, royalties and other charges on the extraction, transport and/or use of forests and forestry activities. Following the user-pays principle (and polluter pays), these levies help to capture the benefits of production services from nature and internalize the true cost of ecosystem degradation by influencing the price of the "consumed" natural capital. Revenues may or may not be allocated to environmental purposes. The most used forms of taxation are stumpage fees, concessions fees, royalties based either on the volume or the value of the timber harvested and export levies (e.g. Ghana has applied rates from 1 to 2 per cent on timber exports).

Any tax, fee, or charge paid for the extraction and/or use of renewable natural resources (e.g. timber or water). Following the polluter-pays or user-pays principles, these levies help to catpure the production value of nature and internalize the true cost of ecosystem degradation by influencing the price of the natural capital “consumed”.  Note: this solution is also captured elsewhere in the catalogue including forestry and water entries.

A fuel tax, fee, or charge paid for the consumption or economic use of fuel (i.e. coal, gas, oil, others). Fuels are typically utilized for transportation, building heating and cooling, industrial uses, among others. Fuel taxes can reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and greenhouse gas emissions (i.e. a carbon tax). They can also price other negative externalities such as air pollution and congestion. Tax revenues may be allocated for biodiversity protection purposes.

Any tax, fee, or charge paid for the consumption or economic use of non-renewable natural resources. Sometime referred to as natural capital levies, this broad category includes taxes on fuels and carbon. Such taxes help to more effectively value on non-renewable natural capital and to internalize the cost of biodiversity degradation caused by resource extraction.

A wide range of supporting policies and regulations can have an economic impact on the fishery sector including regulating the number of support vessels per fishing vessel, reducing subsidies for fuel and equipment, boats, ice etc.  The sector and specific fisheries should be explored from a systems perspective to identify underlying policy, subside, and regulatory opportunities. 

Regulations, rules, and laws including associated fines and penalties for non-compliance are a market-based policy to incentivize fisherfolk and commercial enterprises to reduce their direct and indirect impact on the fisheries and related ecosystems by directing fishing activities towards less damaging or more sustainable equipment use.  Revenue collected through penalties are less important than changing the incentive structure for the fishery actors.  

As an alternative from quotas the fisherfolk pays a fee to an authority based on the quantity of fish caught. The landing fee ensures that the true economic price is paid for the fish, thereby removing any incentive for overfishing. The money raised by the landing fee could be allocated to sustainable fishery or marine conservation activities.

To reduce total catch of a wild fishery to a biologically and economically sustainable level, authorities can introduce quotas for catches. Ideally, the cap should be set at a level that allows optimal economic yields along with conservation considerations. Quotas are specified in tons or numbers and are broken down by species and often fishing method. Some quota systems allow quotas be sold, auctioned or distributed at no cost and then quotas could also be allowed to float in a market (tradable quotas). The revenues generated from the sale of quotas can be earmarked to support sustainable fishery or marine conservation.

The taxation of the fishery sector and/or the introduction of fees and quotas can provide ring-fenced financing for conservation as well as influence market behavior in order to reach a biologically and economically sustainable level of fish stocks and harvests (i.e. reduce over-fishing). 

Tax placed on a specific type of currency transaction. The most frequently discussed version is the Tobin tax which is intended to put a penalty on short-term financial speculation in the forex (foreign exchange) market. The revenues obtained may be earmarked or ring-fenced for biodiversity or related spending.